Determining Potentials of Zero Charge of Metal Electrodes versus the Standard Hydrogen Electrode from Density-Functional-Theory-Based Molecular Dynamics

We develop a computationally efficient scheme to determine the potentials of zero charge (PZC) of metal-water interfaces with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. We calculate the PZC of Pt(111), Au(111), Pd(111) and Ag(111) at a good accuracy using this scheme. Moreover, we find that the interface dipole potentials are almost entirely caused by charge transfer from water to the surfaces, the magnitude of which depends on the bonding strength between water and the metals, while water orientation hardly contributes at the PZC conditions.