Operative Approaches for Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Systematic Review and Multiple Treatment Meta-Analysis of Conventional and Minimally Invasive Surgeries

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Since the late 1920s, many surgical procedures have been defined to operate on lumbar disc herniation, the Gold-Standard among them being open discectomy (OD) and microdiscectomy (MD). In the last two decades, many minimally invasive procedures have been introduced and implemented into practice. Such approaches include percutaneous (PD), percutaneous endoscopic (PED) and tubular discectomy (TD).