Highly efficient Ru/B4C multifunctional oxygen electrode for rechargeable Li O2 batteries

Abstract Irreversible parasitic reactions and the resulting accumulation of insulating side products are main barriers for practical application of rechargeable lithium–oxygen (Li O2) batteries. Therefore, it is critical to develop multifunctional oxygen electrodes suitable for oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, and decomposition of side reaction products. Here we report the application of ultrafine ruthenium on boron carbide (Ru/B4C) with highly efficient multifunctional activities as carbon-free oxygen electrodes for Li O2 batteries. Li2CO3 and LiOH can be completely decomposed by Ru/B4C at 4.0 V and 4.1 V, respectively, within the stability window of the electrolyte. A Li O2 battery using the Ru/B4C oxygen electrode achieves low overpotentials for Li O2 reactions, and excellent cycling performance under the capacities of 300 and 500 mAh g−1Ru/B4C. In-situ gas chromatography analysis reveals that O2 is the major gas product during charging. Only a negligible amount of CO2 is observed in the first charging process. Therefore, Ru/B4C can be a very promising oxygen-electrode material for Li O2 batteries and Li–air batteries operated in ambient air.