Parental education expectations and achievement for Indigenous students in Latin America: Evidence from TERCE learning survey

Though mechanisms of Indigenous’ exclusion in education due resources is well understood, there is a lack of evidence on role of educational expectations as an additional barrier for Indigenous children learning. In this paper, I use a recent Latin American learning survey (TERCE) for sixth grade students covering 12 countries to assess whether Indigenous families have lower educational expectations than non-Indigenous families and whether lower Indigenous parental schooling expectations are also linked to lower learning of their children. I found the that the context (the external channel) matters on the formation and transition of educational expectations for Indigenous children learning.