Toxicity Studies of Exosomes and Potential Overcome Approaches

Exosomes are nanosized, tiny extracellular particles that are produced by cells. They include varying quantities of protein, mRNA, miRNA, DNA, and lipids, along with various other bioactive chemicals to perform a function in the body's physiological and pathological procedures, and as an outcome, they could be used as potential biomarkers for the identification and evaluation of brain disorders. Exosomes have a shortened path to clinical development and a natural capability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), making them useful as drug-delivery vehicles for managing brain diseases. These natural properties include successful drug delivery, greater biocompatibility, easy passage through physiological restrictions, and hidden side effects. Numerous neurological diseases, carcinomas, and other harmful health impacts have been linked to chronic exposures to environmental pollutants. When naive cells absorb pathogenic substances like danger-associated particles, mRNAs, miRNAs, especially gathered proteins and cellular homeostasis is disrupted, which causes inflammation and the spread of disease. Exosomes can function as biomarkers of exposure and response, because toxic substances can change the content of their bioactive payload and exosome production. Exosome biomarkers of toxicity to organs have been found in human and animal research; however, in vitro and in vitro models are best for examining the basic underpinnings of exosome functions. In order to verify the protection of exosome therapies, toxicity evaluation is an essential initial phase in the nonclinical stage of drug development. Exosomes are effective medicinal transporters that can move their cargo between cells. In this chapter, we highlight the recent studies on the toxicity of exosomes and potential solutions.