Comparative Genomic Analysis and Isolation of a Novel Burkholderia gladioli Strain Producing Lethal Bongkrekic Acid in China

Background Bongkrekic acid (BKA) is a potent mitochondrial toxin secreted by certain strains of Burkholderia gladioli, previously known as Pseudomonas cocovenenans. It poses a significant risk to public health, particularly through contaminating fermented or spoiled food products. This study focuses on the isolation and genomic analysis of a novel strain of Burkholderia gladioli from a non-fermented rice noodle linked to a foodborne outbreak in China. Results The study employed a multifaceted approach including microbiological isolation, phenotypic characterization, biochemical assays, and molecular identification. Animal experiments were conducted to observe the effects of BKA on rats. Genomic DNA was extracted, sequenced, and analyzed using bioinformatics tools to determine the genetic makeup, gene function annotation, and comparative genomic analysis. The isolated strain, designated as Burkholderia gladioli 201, was found to produce BKA, which was confirmed through animal experiments showing characteristic symptoms and subsequent toxicological examinations. The complete genome sequence revealed a high degree of genetic similarity with other B. gladioli strains, with a distinct BA biosynthesis gene cluster. Comparative genomic analysis and phylogenetic trees constructed from single-copy core genes indicated a close relationship between Burkholderia gladioli 201 and other strains of the species. Conclusion This study successfully isolated and characterized a novel strain of Burkholderia gladioli capable of producing BKA from a non-fermented food source. The genomic analysis provided insights into the genetic basis of BKA production and the evolutionary relationships within the Burkholderia genus. The findings underscore the need for enhanced surveillance and preventive measures to mitigate the risk of BKA-associated food poisoning.