Multi-output AC/DC triboelectric generator with dual rectification

Triboelectric generators (TEGs) are state-of-the-art powering solutions for low-power Internet of Things (IoT) devices. TEGs convert periodic mechanical vibrations into cyclic charge flow between electrodes, establishing an alternating current (AC). AC output requires rectification prior to charging any load, creating additional circuitry and power requirements. In recent years, the focus has shifted towards developing direct current (DC) generators as potential direct powering solutions. In this work, a DC–TEG is realized using a novel topology involving mechanical switching between a pair of metal contacts. This switching is implemented in vertical contact-separation mode and therefore does not involve any significant friction between the electrodes and metal contacts, overcoming the major limitation of wear and tear in conventional mechanical switching DC–TEGs. The proposed device can obtain each half-cycle rectified output across distinct electrode pairs, which is crucial for conditioning the asymmetric output of the TEGs. An AC output can be simultaneously harvested between the pair of bottom electrodes. The complementary AC–DC outputs of this device can supply power to multiple loads at a time, or coupled together to produce an enhanced output. Placing two complementary TEG pairs adjacent to each other in this topology has the advantage of reducing the ambient electric field, which is critical in improving the charge retention capability of the TEG layers. The proposed device achieves peak instantaneous power of 1.05 μW for the DC output and 1.12 μW for the AC output across a 7 MΩ resistance. The applications of the device in driving commercial electronics, harvesting biomechanical energy, and as progressive alarming system are demonstrated. Due to its simple, flexible topology and AC-DC dual output, this device has the potential for powering multiple loads and applications in diverse scenarios.