Protective effect of berberine on high glucose and hypoxia-induced apoptosis via the modulation of HIF-1α in renal tubular epithelial cells.

Berberine (BBR), derived from Huanglian (Coptis chinensis), is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. In the current study, we investigated the effects of BBR in high glucose (HG) and hypoxia-induced apoptosis with normal rat renal tubular epithelial (NRK-52E) and human kidney proximal tubular cells (HK-2) and further explored the underlying molecular mechanism of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Apoptosis in NRK-52E and HK-2 cells induced by HG (30 mM)/hypoxia and anti-apoptosis with BBR pretreatment (30 μM) were analyzed by using the terminal uridine nick 3' end labeling method. Activities of apoptotic proteins and anti-apoptotic factor at mRNA and protein levels were determined with real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. HIF-1α action in the apoptosis with BBR pretreatment or siRNA interfere was investigated with flow-cytometry and Western blot. Up-regulation of apoptotic proteins (Bax cytochrome C, caspase 9 and caspase 3) and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-xL were accompanied with HG/Hypoxia-induced apoptosis in NRK-52E and HK-2 cells but all reversals were found after BBR pretreatment. Activity of HIF-1α was induced under HG/Hypoxia conditions and up-regulated with BBR pretreatment. Furthermore, knockdown of HIF-1α via siRNA significantly removed the anti-apoptosis effects of BBR, while the BBR-mediated HIF-1α activity was suppressed by the pharmacological inhibition of Akt. The present study thereby provided evidence that BBR protected renal tubular epithelial cells from hypoxia/HG-induced apoptosis through activation of HIF-1α in the PI3K/Akt signal pathway and suggested that BBR could be a potential drug in DKD.