Recent Advancements and Challenges for Low-Toxicity Perovskite Materials

Lead-based organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite materials have been developed for advanced optoelectronic applications. However, the toxicity of lead and the chemical instability of lead-based perovskite materials have so far been demonstrated to be an overwhelming challenge. The discovery of perovskite materials based on low-toxicity elements, such as Sn, Bi, Sb, Ge, and Cu, with superior optoelectronic properties provides alternative approaches to realize high-performance perovskite optoelectronics. In this review, recent advances in the aspects of low-toxicity perovskite solar cells, photodetectors, light-emitting diodes, and thermoelectric devices are highlighted. The antioxidation stability of metal cation and the crystallization process of the low-toxicity perovskite materials are discussed. In the last part, the outlook toward addressing various issues requiring further attention in the development of low-toxicity perovskite materials is outlined.