MXenes (two-dimensional metal carbides) as emerging nanomaterials for water purification: Progress, challenges and prospects

Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides (MXenes) have emerged as a fabulous nanomaterial and an ideal candidate for a host of applications. The tremendous characteristics of MXenes i.e., high surface area, activate metallic hydroxide sites, biocompatibility, ease of functionalization, high metallic conductivity and hydrophilicity make them the best aspirant for applications in environmental remediation, energy storage, electronics, sensors, and catalysis. MXenes exhibited substantial sorption selectivity and efficient reduction capability for numerous pollutants present in water. This paper critically reviews the recent advancement in applications of MXenes in water treatment with an emphasis on adsorption–reduction properties of MXenes and MXene-based composites. The removal of selected pollutants i.e., heavy metals, dyes, and radionuclides by MXenes and MXene-based composites are portrayed in detail by elaborating the removal mechanism and regeneration ability. The key challenges and issues associated with the synthesis and applications of MXenes and MXene-based composites in water purification are highlighted. Lastly, research directions are provided to guarantee the synthesis and applications of MXenes in a more effective way. This review may provide an insight into the applications of MXenes for water purification in future.