Biogenetic and morphofunctional heterogeneity of mitochondria: the case of synaptic mitochondria

Abstract The mitochondria of different cells are different in their morphological and biochemical properties. These organelles generate free radicals during activity, leading inevitably to mitochondrial DNA damage. It is not clear how this problem is addressed in long-lived cells, such as neurons. We propose the hypothesis that mitochondria within the same cell also differ in lifespan and ability to divide. According to our suggestion, cells have a pool of ‘stem’ mitochondria with low metabolic activity and a pool of ‘differentiated’ mitochondria with significantly shorter lifespans and high metabolic activity. We consider synaptic mitochondria as a possible example of ‘differentiated’ mitochondria. They are significantly smaller than mitochondria from the cell body, and they are different in key enzyme activity levels, proteome, and lipidome. Synaptic mitochondria are more sensitive to different damaging factors. It has been established that neurons have a sorting mechanism that sends mitochondria with high membrane potential to presynaptic endings. This review describes the properties of synaptic mitochondria and their role in the regulation of synaptic transmission.