Water effects on the deformation and fracture behaviors of the multi-scaled cellular fibrous bamboo

Natural bamboo with different water weight contents (0%, 6% and 22%) had distinguishingly different mechanical properties, where samples with water contents of 22% had tensile strength and elongations increased by ∼30% and ∼200% than the dry (0%), respectively. The deformation and fracture process was synchronously recorded and analyzed with the aid of the acoustic emission (AE), during which there were three kinds of real time fracture behaviors recognized: matrix (multi-walled parenchyma cells) failure, interfacial (fiber/fiber or fiber/parenchyma cell walls) dissociations and fiber breakage. More interfacial dissociations and higher fracture energy were detected as more water was added, since water molecules can make great differences on the bamboo's inner micro-structures and the mechanical properties. During the fracture process of the wet bamboo detected by AE, matrix failure and interfacial dissociations contributed most of the elongation, and the strength were mainly depended on the fiber breakage and interfacial dissociations. The discovered structural toughening mechanisms within the multi-scaled structures were microfiber bridging, multi-walled fiber pull-out, micro warts buckling and crack deflection. The micro-structural toughening effects were strengthened by the cellulose-hemicellulose-lignin complexes and a certain content of water molecules within the multi-scaled fibrous cellular structures, which are collaboratively working and ensuring the high mechanical performance of the natural bamboo.The mechanical behaviors during the whole fracture process of bamboo were investigated by acoustic emission (AE). During the fracture process there were three kinds of fracture behaviors recognized by AE: matrix (parenchyma cells) failure, interfacial (fiber/fiber or fiber/parenchyma cell walls) dissociations and fiber breakage. The mechanical performance was greatly influenced by water contents (0%, 6% and 22%). Wet bamboos had higher fracture energy than the dry ones. There was more interfacial dissociation behaviors detected as more water was absorbed within the multi-scaled structures. The micro structural toughening mechanisms were strengthened by the macromolecular complexes and water molecules, which are working together and ensuring the excellent mechanical properties of the natural bamboo.