Upregulated ATF1 Promotes Lipopolysaccharide Induced Inflammatory Response and Inhibits Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Cells by Regulating NF-κB Pathway

Background: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease resulting from bacterial plaque infection.While the involvement of activating transcription factor 1 (ATF1) has been extensively explored in various human diseases, its specific role in periodontitis remains unclear.This study aims to elucidate the expression and biological function of ATF1 in the context of periodontitis.Methods: Primary human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) were procured from clinical samples and subsequently characterized.Following treatment with P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 µg/mL), hPDLCs underwent transfection with either ATF1 vector or siRNA.The expression levels of ATF1 in LPS-treated hPDLCs or transfected cells were evaluated through realtime quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot assay.Inflammatory factors, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), were quantified using Enzymelinked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).The assessment of osteogenic proteins, such as runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osteopontin (OPN), and osteoprotegerin (OPG), as well as noncanonical nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) pathway-related proteins (p65, p-p65, IkBα, p-IkBα), was conducted using western blot assay.3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry assays were employed to detect cell viability.Results: LPS induced an inflammatory response and hindered the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs (p < 0.05, p < 0.01).Furthermore, ATF1 silencing enhanced cell proliferation and suppressed apoptosis in LPS-stimulated hPDLCs (p < 0.05, p < 0.01).ATF1 silencing not only restrained the inflammatory response but also promoted the osteogenic differentiation of LPSstimulated hPDLCs (p < 0.05, p < 0.01).Importantly, ATF1 silencing effectively blocked the LPS-induced activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001).Conclusions: ATF1 emerges as a promising treatment option, inhibiting the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs and mitigating the inflammatory response by preventing the phosphorylation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.