Application of tungsten oxide and its composites in photocatalysis

WO3-based photocatalysis has garnered significant interest among researchers worldwide. With a band gap ranging between 2.5 and 2.7 eV, WO3 emerges as a promising candidate material for photocatalytic applications due to its excellent electrochemical properties, high stability, and ability to enhance photoactivity in various crystalline forms. Noteworthy features of WO3 include exceptional stability in harsh conditions, cost-effectiveness, high hole drift velocity, and a tunable energy gap. In this comprehensive review, we first explore the diverse morphologies of WO3 obtained through different preparation methods. Secondly, we investigate the photocatalytic efficiency of WO3-based composites. Thirdly, strategies for identifying optimal photocatalysts, such as crystal plane optimization, doping, surface modification, and hetero/homojunction fabrication, are summarized. Additionally, the integration of carbon-based composites to form type-II, Z-scheme, and S-scheme configurations is detailed. The review delves into various applications of WO3, including pollutant degradation, CO2 reduction, and water splitting, providing an in-depth analysis. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects associated with WO3-based photocatalysts are highlighted, along with discussions on methods to enhance their performance. This review aims to inspire academics to innovate concepts for advancing sustainable energy production in the next generation