Nanopipettes for single nanobubble electrochemical analysis: Fundamentals and applications

Gas bubbles have attracted increasing attention due to their significant roles in various electrochemical processes. It is crucial to understand their generation, dynamic evolution, intrinsic physicochemical properties, as well as the influence on the electrode processes in order to design efficient energy conversion interfaces. Nanopipettes feature unique geometric confinement and provide exceptional sensitivities for the single-entity electrochemical analysis of gas bubbles. By employing nanopipettes as imaging probes in scanning probe electrochemistry, it enables addressing electrochemical behavior with high spatial resolution. This review focuses on the recent advances in single nanobubble electrochemistry achieved through the utilization of nanopipettes, where new views on fundamental electrochemistry and electroanalytical applications of single gas nanobubbles are included.