Poly(ether imide) Porous Membrane Developed by a Scalable Method for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are one of the emerging candidates for energy storage systems due to their high theoretical energy density and the abundance/nontoxicity/low cost of sulfur. Compared with conventional lithium-ion batteries, multiple new challenges have been brought into this advanced battery system, such as polysulfide shuttling in conventional polyolefin separators and undesired lithium dendrite formation of the Li metal anode. These issues severely affect the cell performance and impede their practical applications. Herein, we develop a poly(ether imide) (PEI)-based membrane with a sponge-like pore morphology as the separator for the Li-S battery by a simplified phase inversion method. This new separator can not only alleviate the new challenges in Li-S batteries but also exhibit excellent ion conductivity, better thermal stability, and higher mechanical strength compared to those of the conventional polypropylene (PP) separator. A combined experimental and theoretical study indicates that the sponge-like morphology of the PEI membrane and its good wettability toward the electrolyte can facilitate uniform ion transportation and suppress dendrite growth. Meanwhile, the PEI molecules exhibit a strong interaction with polysulfides and avoid their shuttling effectively. As a result, the PEI-based Li-S battery shows a much better performance from various aspects (capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability) than that of the PP-based Li-S battery, especially at high charge/discharge current densities and high sulfur loadings. Since the developed PEI membrane can be easily scaled up, this work may accelerate the practical applications of Li-S batteries from the point of separators.