Revealing the interaction mechanism between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and a fluorescent coumarin derivative: A multispectroscopic and in silico approach

The interaction of biomacromolecules with each other or with the ligands is essential for biological activity. In this context, the molecular recognition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with 4-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxymethyl)-7-hydroxy-chromen-2-one (4BHC) is explored using multispectroscopic and computational techniques. UV–Vis spectroscopy helped in predicting the conformational variations in BSA. Using fluorescence spectroscopy, the quenching behaviour of the fluorophore upon interaction with the ligand is examined, which is found to be a static type of quenching; fluorescence lifetime studies further verify this. The binding constant is discovered to be in the range of 104 M−1, which indicates the moderate type of association that results in reversible binding, where the transport and release of ligands in the target tissue takes place. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) measurements validate the secondary structure conformational changes of BSA after complexing with 4BHC. The thermodynamic factors obtained through temperature-dependent fluorescence studies suggest that the dominant kind of interaction force is hydrophobic in nature, and the interaction process is spontaneous. The alterations in the surrounding microenvironment of the binding site and conformational shifts in the structure of the protein are studied through 3D fluorescence and synchronous fluorescence studies. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations agree with experimental results and explain the structural stability throughout the discussion. The outcomes might have possible applications in the field of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.