The current methods of ammonia synthesis by Haber-Bosch process

The Haber-Bosch process for ammonia synthesis is one of the most important human inventions that dramatically increased the world population by increasing the possibility of food production. This process has been optimized over time, as the energy needed to produce ammonia has declined by 74% over the past century. Despite this improvement, ammonia synthesis based on the conventional Haber-Bosch process is an essential factor in global warming. The most critical research is developing efficient catalysts to produce more cost-effective and environmentally friendly operational conditions for the synthesis of ammonia. A significant consideration in scientific research is currently given to the development of the Haber-Bosch process with the help of new green technologies. These alternative Haber-Bosch processes based on electrochemical, bioelectrochemical, nonthermal plasma, mechanochemical, and photocatalytic methods have strongly emerged as promising techniques for the industrial production of ammonia in the future. In this chapter, after discussing the brief history of the conventional Haber-Bosch process, recent advances in catalyst development and the synthesis of ammonia are investigated.