Sources and composition of soil organic matter fractions between and within soil aggregates

化学 分数(化学) 土壤有机质 微粒 环境化学 有机质 土壤水分 碳纤维 化学成分 作文(语言) 大块土 腐殖质 总有机碳 有机化学 土壤科学 哲学 复合数 复合材料 语言学 环境科学 材料科学
作者
Johan Six,Georg Guggenberger,Keith Paustian,Ludwig Haumaier,E. T. Elliott,Wolfgang Zech
出处
期刊:European Journal of Soil Science [Wiley]
卷期号:52 (4): 607-618 被引量:274
标识
DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2389.2001.00406.x
摘要

Summary It is generally accepted that particulate organic matter derives from plants. In contrast, the enriched labile fraction is thought by many to derive from microbes, especially fungi. However, no detailed chemical characterization of these fractions has been done. In this study, we wanted to assess the sources (plants or microbes; fungi or bacteria) and degree of microbial alteration of (i) three particulate organic matter fractions – namely the free light fraction (1.85 g cm −3 ), the coarse (250–2000 μm) and the fine (53–250 μm) intra‐aggregate particulate organic matter fractions – and of (ii) three density fractions of fine‐silt associated carbon – namely < 2.0, 2.0–2.2 (i.e. enriched labile fraction) and > 2.2 g cm −3 – by analysing the amino sugars, by CuO oxidation analyses, and by 13 C‐, 1 H‐ and 31 P‐NMR analyses. Macroaggregates (250–2000 μm) were separated by wet‐sieving from a former grassland soil now under a no‐tillage arable regime. The three particulate organic matter fractions and the three density fractions were isolated from the macroaggregates by a combination of density flotation, sonication and sieving techniques. Proton NMR spectroscopy on alkaline extracts showed that the enriched labile fraction is not of microbial origin but is strongly degraded plant material that is enriched in aliphatic moieties partly bound to aromatics. In addition, the enriched labile fraction had a glucosamine content less than the whole soil, indicating that it is not enriched in carbon derived from fungi. Decreasing yields of phenolic CuO oxidation products and increasing side‐chain oxidation in the order coarse intra‐aggregate particulate organic matter < fine inter‐aggregate particulate organic matter < fine‐silt fractions indicate progressive alteration of lignin as particle size decreases. The light fraction was more decomposed than the coarse inter‐aggregate particulate organic matter, as indicated by (i) its larger ratio of acid‐to‐aldehyde of the vanillyl units released by CuO oxidation, (ii) the smaller contribution of H in carbohydrates to total extractable H as estimated by 1 H‐NMR spectroscopy, and (iii) a larger contribution of monoester P to total extractable P in the 31 P‐NMR spectra. In conclusion, the four fractions are derived predominantly from plants, but microbial alteration increased as follows: coarse inter‐aggregate particulate organic matter < light fraction ≈ fine inter‐aggregate particulate organic matter < enriched labile fraction.
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