Comprehensive review on the electrochemical biosensors of different breast cancer biomarkers

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common tumor in females and is responsible for tens of thousands of deaths each year. Globally, BC is responsible for 6.6% of all cancer-related mortalities in 2018. Mammography, tissue biopsies, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the most effective tools for the diagnosis of BC. Although these diagnostic ways produce promising outcomes, they are severely constrained by the need for an expensive setup, painful process (biopsy), professional supervision, and expert analysis and they are not suitable for all ages of females. Electrochemical screening platforms for the early diagnosis of different forms of tumors and other abnormalities have recently received significant interest owing to their multiple benefits, for instance, excellent selectivity, cost-effectiveness, non-invasive process, and easy interpretation of results. In the current review, we discuss different types of BC biomarkers (genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic biomarkers). We also present a comprehensive summary of the recent developments of various types of electrochemical diagnostic platforms (immunosensor, aptasensor, DNA probe assay, and molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor) that were proposed for the determination of different BC biomarkers over the past ten years (2012–2021). This review will open the way for the establishment of new electrochemical platforms for the screening of various BC biomarkers.