Surface Properties of the Hydrogen–Titanium System

Titanium is an excellent getter material, catalyzes gas-solid reactions such as hydrogen absorption in lightweight metal hydrides and complex metal hydrides and has recently been shown as a potential ammonia synthesis catalyst. However, knowledge of the surface properties of this metal is limited when it absorbs large quantities of hydrogen at operation conditions. Both the conceptual description of such a surface as well as the experimental determination of surface hydrogen concentration on hydride-forming metals is challenging due to the dynamic bulk properties and the incompatibility of traditional surface science methods with the hydrogen pressure needed to form the metal hydride, respectively. In this paper, the surface pressure-composition isotherms of the titanium-hydrogen system are measured by operando reflecting electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS). The titanium thin films were deposited on and hydrogenated through a palladium membrane, which provides an atomic hydrogen source under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The measurements are supported by density functional theory calculations providing a complete picture of the hydrogen-deficient surface of TiH2 being the basis of its high catalytic activity.