Virtual screening of the multi-gene regulatory molecular mechanism of Si-Wu-tang against non-triple-negative breast cancer based on network pharmacology combined with experimental validation

Si-Wu-Tang (SWT), a prestigious herbal formula from China, has been extensively used for centuries for female-related diseases. It has been documented that SWT has a significant inhibitory effect on non-triple-negative breast cancer (non-TNBC) cells. However, there has been limited comprehensive analysis of the targeted effects of the anticancer components of SWT and its exact biological mechanism. This study aims to uncover the mechanism by which SWT treats non-TNBC by applying a network pharmacological method combined with experimental validation. First, SWT compounds were collected from the Traditional Chinese Medicines Systems Pharmacology database (TCMSP) and The Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ETCM), and then the targets related to SWT were obtained from the TCMSP and SwissTarget databases. Second, a target data set of non-TNBC proteins was established by using the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), GeneCards and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Third, based on the overlap of targets between SWT and non-TNBC, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was built to analyse the interactions among these targets, which focused on screening for hub targets by topology. On these hub genes, we conducted a meta-analysis and survival analysis to screen the best match targets, ESR1, PPARG , CAT , and PTGS2, which had a strong correlation with the ingredients of SWT in our verification by molecular docking. In vitro experiments further proved the reliability of the network pharmacology findings. Finally, FunRich software and the ClusterProfiler package were utilized for the enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) data. A total of 141 active ingredients and 116 targets of SWT were selected. GO enrichment analysis showed that the biological processes through which SWT acted against non-TNBC (FDR<0.01) mainly involved modulating energy metabolism and apoptosis. According to RT-qPCR and Western blotting , the mRNA and protein expression of ESR1, PPARG and PTGS2 were upregulated ( P < 0.01), and the mRNA and protein levels of CAT were downregulated ( P < 0.01), suggesting a multi-gene regulatory molecular mechanism of SWT against non-triple-negative breast cancer. This research explored the multi-gene pharmacological mechanism of action of SWT against non-TNBC through network pharmacology and in vitro experiments. The findings provide new ideas for research on the mechanism of action of Chinese medicine against breast cancer. • SWT is used to treat estrogen-related female diseases. • The most important ingredients of SWT include beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, kaempferol and myricanone. • The molecular targets that SWT exerts on non-TNBC mainly include PTGS2, ESR1, CAT and PPARG. • Energy metabolism and cell apoptosis pathways partially explain the biological mechanism of SWT on non-TNBC.