Improved stability and activity of Fe-based catalysts through strong metal support interactions due to extrinsic oxygen vacancies in Ce0.8Sm0.2O2−δ for the efficient synthesis of ammonia

The SMSI between Fe and oxygen vacancies in Ce_0.8Sm_0.2O_2−δ helps to weaken and break the strong NN bonds in N₂, increasing the catalytic activity. Materials with anion vacancies improve oxygenate tolerance property of ammonia synthesis catalysts.