Therapeutic effect of extracellular vesicles from different cell sources in traumatic brain injury

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biologically active membrane vesicles secreted by many cells in the body. A variety of nucleic acids, proteins, and other biologically active substances in EVs can be used to exchange and transmit information between cells, thereby affecting the progression of various diseases. Numerous studies have demonstrated that EVs not only regulate changes in brain physiology but also regulate synaptic plasticity and neuronal regeneration in traumatic brain injury (TBI), which opens a new approach for the treatment of TBI. In view of the fact that most human cells can secrete EVs, and relevant experiments have proved that different doses of EVs have different therapeutic effects on TBI. To this end, this paper reviews the therapeutic effects of EVs from different cell sources and their doses on TBI.