Enhancing the physicochemical properties and functional performance of starch-based films using inorganic carbon materials: A review

Sustainable film-forming materials are being explored as potential replacements for petroleum-based plastics with the aim of reducing their adverse impacts on the environment. Starch is a highly abundant, renewable, and inexpensive natural polymer with good film-forming properties. However, the weak mechanical strength, poor barrier properties, and high moisture sensitivity of starch-based films currently limit their ability to replace plastics. Inorganic carbon materials (ICMs) can be incorporated to improve the physicochemical properties and functional performance of starch-based films due to their excellent properties. Herein, we provide a summary of the different kinds of ICMs that can be used for this purpose. We then discuss the impact of incorporating these ICMs into starch-based films on their physicochemical and functional properties. Additionally, the potential application of ICM-loaded starch composite films as active and intelligent food packaging materials is highlighted. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives of starch-based films with ICMs are described.