Lifetime-leveling LSM-tree compaction for ZNS SSD

The Log-Structured Merge (LSM) tree is considered well-suited to zoned namespace (ZNS) storage devices since the write requests to LSM-tree is sequential. However, zones can be partially invalidated and be fragmented during LSM-tree compaction. The partially-invalid zones cannot be utilized and thus space amplification becomes significant. To reclaim the invalid space, host-managed garbage collection (GC) is required, which increases the write amplification of ZNS storage and degrades I/O performance. We introduce a lifetime-leveling compaction (LL-compaction) tailored for ZNS SSD, which can alleviate space amplification without GC by making the sorted string tables in a zone have similar lifetimes. In our experiments using LevelDB, the LL-compaction achieved 1.7x better performance by removing GCs.