Applications of mass spectrometry imaging in botanical research

Abstract Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) serves as a valuable tool enabling researchers to scrutinize various compounds, peptides, and proteins within a sample, providing detailed insights at both elemental and molecular levels. This innovative technology transforms information obtained from a mass spectrometer— encompassing ionic strength, mass-to-charge ratio, and ionized molecule coordinates—within a defined region into a pixel-based model. Consequently, it reconstructs the spatial distribution of ions, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of molecular landscapes. The significance of MSI lies in its ability to offer multiple advantages, including straightforward sample preparation and remarkable sensitivity, all achieved without the necessity for labeling. Particularly in the realm of plant biology, MSI finds frequent application in examining the distribution of target metabolites and other components within plant tissues. This review delves into the fundamental principles, distinguishing features, merits, and applications of three prominent MSI technologies. Furthermore, we aim to assist readers in navigating the utilization of MSI in their plant biology research by discussing primary challenges, proposing potential solutions, and elucidating future prospects associated with this cutting-edge technology.