An overview of low-carbon hydrogen production via water splitting driven by piezoelectric and pyroelectric catalysis

The focus on sustainable energy sources is intensifying as they present a viable alternative to conventional fossil fuels. The emergence of clean and renewable hydrogen fuel marks a significant technological shift toward decarbonizing the environment. Harnessing mechanical and thermal energy through piezoelectric and pyroelectric catalysis has emerged as an effective strategy for producing hydrogen and contributing to reducing dependence on carbon-based fuels. In this regard, this review presents recent advances in piezoelectric and pyroelectric catalysis induced by mechanical and thermal excitations, respectively, towards hydrogen generation via the water splitting process. A thorough description of the fundamental principles underlying the piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects is provided, complemented by an analysis of the catalytic processes induced by these effects. Subsequently, these effects are examined to propose the prerequisites needed for such catalysts to achieve water splitting reaction and hydrogen generation. Special attention is devoted to identifying the various strategies adopted to enhance hydrogen production in order to provide new paths for increased efficiency.