Numerical simulation of proppant transport from a horizontal well into a perforation using computational fluid dynamics

With the increasing global demand for oil and gas, the development of unconventional resources such as shale gas is becoming ever more important. The key to developing unconventional oil and gas resources lies in horizontal wells with multistage fracturing technology. In the process of horizontal well segmentation fracturing, the distribution of the proppant among multiple clusters has a significant influence on the fracturing effect. However, the influence of various factors on the entry of proppant into the perforation and then into the fracture along the wellbore is unclear. In this paper, based on the flow characteristics of proppants in fracturing fluids, we investigate the wellbore–perforation proppant transport using a Eulerian multiphase flow model. The effect of different factors on proppant entry into the perforation in horizontal wells is studied. We first verify that the computational fluid dynamics model satisfies the accuracy requirements for studying the sand-carrying efficiency of proppants in a perforation cluster. Second, the effects of the proppant size, proppant density, fracturing fluid viscosity, perforation diameter, and fracturing fluid flow rate on the proppant transport efficiency are investigated. Finally, a mathematical model of the sand-carrying efficiency is established by multivariate nonlinear fitting. The results show that the proppant size has a more significant effect on proppant settling at low wellbore flow rates. Increasing the diameter of the proppant particles can accelerate proppant settling. Higher wellbore flow rates tend to reduce the sand-carrying efficiency, although using a low-density proppant can mitigate the effect of the wellbore flow rate. At low wellbore flow rates, increasing the perforation size makes it easier for the proppant to enter bottom perforations. Increasing the fluid viscosity helps to distribute the proppant evenly between perforations in different directions, but this effect diminishes as the flow rate increases. Finally, a formula for the wellbore sand-carrying efficiency is obtained and validated, providing a basis for optimizing the distribution of the proppant in the perforation. The results from this paper enhance our understanding of the sand and fluid feeding patterns of each perforation cluster and provide direction for improving the construction process and enhancing the fracture inflow capacity.