A non-randomized concurrent controlled trial of myofunctional treatment in the mixed dentition children with functional mouth breathing assessed by cephalometric radiographs and study models

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to examine the clinical effects of myofunctional treatment on children with functional mouth breathing by cephalometric radiographs and study models. Methods A total of 224 children (6–10 years old; 114 males and 110 females; SNA°: 82.24 ± 1.67°; ANB°: 2.79 ± 0.80°, 28° < SN-GoGn° < 37°) formed three groups: MB-M group (mouth breathers with myofunctional treatment, n = 75); MB-N group (mouth breathers with no treatment, n = 70); NB group (nasal breathers with no treatment, n = 79). A blind evaluation of cephalometric radiographs and study models was conducted at T1(pre-study) and T2 (post-study), respectively. Results Two hundred four children (MB-M:66, MB-N:68, NB:70) completed the present study. At T1, MB-M and MB-N groups, compared to their NB counterpart, had greater anterior lower facial height( P < 0.01) and overjet( P < 0.001) but shorter overbite and maxillary canines width ( P < 0.001). At T2, the MB-N group exhibited a higher ANB angle, anterior lower facial height, and overjet, but shorter overbite and maxillary canines width ( P < 0.001). From T1 to T2, the anterior lower facial height increased, overbite and the maxillary canines width further decreased in the MB-N group ( P < 0.001). However, in the MB-M group, the incisors were retracted, overbite increased ( P < 0.001), anterior lower facial height increased insignificantly ( P > 0.05), and maxillary canines width increased slightly ( P < 0.05). In the NB and MB-M groups, the mandible showed a normal tendency to grow forward, whereas, in the MB-N group, the mandible showed a tendency to grow downward ( P < 0.001). Conclusions Mouth breathers demonstrated increased anterior facial height and overjet but reduced overbite and maxillary arch width, which improved significantly following myofunctional treatment. Trial registration TCTR: TCTR20220401001 . Registered 1 st April 2022-Retrospectively registered.