Research progress and prospects in antifouling performance of photocatalytic sterilization: A review

Bacterial contamination and marine biofouling are directly or indirectly impacting the economy, environment, and human health worldwide. Photocatalytic sterilization and antifouling technology is an effective method to prevent microbial contamination and corrosion. Due to its eco-friendly nature, broad-spectrum bactericidal properties, and high efficiency, this method has recently received much attention. In this review, we have comprehensively discussed the photoinduced charge carriers transfer, main reactive oxygen species (ROS), the interactions among photocatalysts and microorganisms, as well as various antibacterial mechanisms such as oxidative stress, physical/mechanical destruction, photothermal effect, piezoelectric field effect, and triboelectric field. Different types of semiconductors, including TiO2, ZnO, CeO2, Cu-based semiconductors, Bi-based semiconductors, Ag-based semiconductors, g-C3N4, MOF, and containing phosphorus photocatalysts are summarized in photocatalytic sterilization and antifouling activity. Besides, various improvement methods including morphological control, crystallizing, doping engineering, loading co-catalyst, and constructing heterojunction are discussed. Furthermore, a strategy for dramatically improving practice applications is proposed for the possibility of further antifouling applications. Challenges and prospects for the photocatalytic sterilization and antifouling method are also discussed to highlight design considerations.