Vitamin A and Histone Deacetylases in Alzheimer’s disease: The Good, the bad and the ugly

Abstract Background In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), histone acetylation is disrupted, suggesting loss of transcriptional control. Moreover, converging evidence suggests an age‐ and AD‐dependent loss of transcription controlled by all‐trans‐retinoic acid (ATRA), the bioactive metabolite of vitamin A (VA). Antioxidant depletion causes oxidative stress (OS). Nrf2‐mediated antioxidant defenses are triggered by OS. Here, we investigated roles of VA, histone acetylation, Nrf2, and OS in vitro . Finally, we established a dietary dose of vorinostat that crosses the blood brain barrier and promotes histone acetylation in AD mouse brain. Method For in vitro studies, mouse HT22 cells were treated with vorinostat (up to 40 µM), ATRA, and/or H 2 O 2 . MTT and lipid peroxidation assays were performed. Acetylated histone H3 and Nrf2 expression were examined via western blot (WB) and immunocytochemistry (ICC). For in vivo studies, the hAb‐KI AD mice were treated with 0.18 or 0.36 mg vorinostat/gram of diet (125 or 250 mg/kg/week for 2 weeks). HDAC activity in brain tissue was examined via histone H3 acetylation and enzyme activity via WB and colorimetric ELISA. Result Vorinostat and ATRA treatment (up to 20 μM) had no significant cytotoxic effects on HT22 cells. H 2 O 2 alone (25‐50 µM) caused ∼30‐40% cell death (p<0.0001). ATRA (5 µM), in combination with vorinostat (0.5 µM), protected against H 2 O 2 up to 150 µM. Vorinostat caused gradual and significant (p<0.001) induction in acetylation of histone H3 with 0.5‐3.0 µM treatment for 24h, with no change in total histone H3 levels. ROS was significantly reduced. Nuclear translocation of Nrf2 was induced by H 2 0 2 and reduced after ATRA and vorinostat treatment. For 0.18 or 0.36 mg vorinostat/gram doses in vivo , histone H3 acetylation was increased, HDAC activity was inhibited (p<0.001 and 0.05, respectively), and peroxidation was reduced. Conclusion Doses of vorinostat used in vitro and in vivo increased histone acetylation without cytotoxicity/toxicity. In vivo , we established that 125 mg/kg/week in diet is an optimal tolerable dose. VA, alone and in combination with vorinostat, may exhibit synergistic effects in protecting neuronal cells from oxidative stress. Together, our study provides a possible link between oxidative stress, Nrf2 and HDACs as potential contributors to Alzheimer’s disease progression.