Critical Reviews on Anti-Cancer Effects of Edible and Medicinal Mushroom Phellinus linteus and Its Molecular Mechanisms

ABSTRACTABSTRACTPhellinus linteus is a valuable edible and medicinal mushroom. Since the early 1990s, it has drawn significant attention from consumers due to its potential functional and medicinal benefits. P. linteus and its bioactive compounds have demonstrated various biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and hepatoprotective agents. This review systematically summarized the anticancer effects of the edible and medicinal mushroom, P. linteus, and its molecular mechanisms. These findings are obtained from the databases of Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and ResearchGate. Anticancer activities and their underlying mechanisms were mainly based on cancer cell proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis regulation, cell metastasis suppression, and immune cell activation. These effects are attributed to its bioactive components, viz. atractylenolide I, hispolon, and hispidin present in the mycelium and fruiting body. Based on our findings from the available literature, it is concluded that further comprehensive studies are required to identify all the bioactive compounds and the relationship between their structure and anticancer properties. Further, it is necessary to analyze its clinical use, safety, and efficacy alone as well as in combination with anticancer drugs.KEYWORDS: Phellinus linteusactive compoundsanti-cancermolecular mechanisms Disclosure statementThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.Abbreviation AKTProtein kinase BCDC2Cyclin-dependent kinase 2CDK2cyclin-dependent kinase 2CDK4cyclin-dependent kinase 4CXCR4C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4EGFRepidermal growth factor receptorEMTepithelial-mesenchymal transitionFAK,focal adhesion kinaseIFN-γinterferon gammaIL-12interleukin 12KRASv-ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologLDHlactate dehydrogenaseMAPKmitogen-activated protein kinaseMMP-2matrix metalloproteinase-2MMP-9matrix metalloproteinase-9MTT3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2 H-tetrazolium bromideMyD88myeloid differential factorNK cellsnatural killer cellsNrf2nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2PARPpoly (ADP-ribose) polymerase;PGE2prostaglandin E2PI3Kphosphoinositide 3-kinases;SCIDsevere combined immunodeficiencyTCF/LEFT-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factorTNF-αtumor necrosis factor-alphaVCAM1vascular cell adhesion molecule 1VEGFVascular endothelial growth factorAdditional informationFundingThis study is supported by a research grant 202107 from BNU-HKBU United International College