Galectin-4 drives anti-PD-L1/BVZ resistance by regulating metabolic adaptation and tumour-associated neutrophils in hepatocellular carcinoma

Activation of the galectin-4/LDHA/HIF-1α and CXCL6 axis plays a pivotal role in ATZ/BVZ therapy resistance. Galectin-4 serves as a promising therapeutic target to improve immunotherapy efficacy and an effective predictive biomarker for immunotherapy response in HCC.