Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading: Transforming 5‐Hydroxymethyl Furfural into 2,5‐Furan Dicarboxylic Acid for Fine Chemicals, Featuring Mil‐100(Fe) Mof as a Novel Catalyst

Abstract This review underscores the potential of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), exemplified by MIL‐100(Fe), as catalysts in the conversion of 5‐Hydroxymethyl Furfural to 2,5‐Furan Dicarboxylic Acid, which is crucial in bioplastics and value‐added chemical production. MOFs exhibit advantages, including recyclability, stability, and catalytic potential under mild conditions. Despite promising results, MOFs in this application are underexplored compared to traditional metal catalysts. Noble metal catalysts (Au, Pt, and Pd) face challenges such as cost and limited recyclability. Mechanistic studies favor the DFF route, highlighting the oxidation of HMF's hydroxyl group as predominant. Molecular oxygen proves effective for HMF to FDCA transformation, with gold‐based catalysts noted for selectivity. Ongoing industrial efforts by companies like Avantium indicate a shift towards sustainable alternatives. This review highlights research gaps concerning the necessity for custom Metal‐Organic Framework (MOF) catalysts in the transformation of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). The study recommends, among other things, 1) the adoption of base‐free conversion systems, 2) a focus on large‐scale FDCA manufacturing, prioritizing environmental sustainability despite prevailing cost challenges, and 3) fostering multidisciplinary collaboration. Utilizing advanced engineering software, such as ASPEN HYSYS, is proposed for optimizing these processes and paving the way for the successful industrialization of FDCA in the future.