Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell preconditioned by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation promote bone–tendon interface fibrocartilage regeneration and ameliorate rotator cuff fatty infiltration

Fibrovascular scar healing of bone-tendon interface (BTI) instead of functional fibrocartilage regeneration is the main concern associated with unsatisfactory prognosis in rotator cuff repair. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exosomes have been reported to be a new promising cell-free approach for rotator cuff healing. Whereas, controversies abound in whether exosomes of native MSCs alone can effectively induce chondrogenesis.