Macrophage migration inhibitory factor of Thelazia callipaeda induces M2‐like macrophage polarization through TLR4‐mediated activation of the PI3K‐Akt pathway

Abstract Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), an immunoregulatory cytokine plays an important role in inflammation and the immune response, and has been described as having a potential role in immune evasion by parasites. Thelazia callipaeda , a vector‐borne zoonotic eye worm with a broad host range, has been documented as an agent of ocular infection of thelaziosis. The ability of T. callipaeda to persist in an immunologically competent host has led to the suggestion that it has evolved specific measures to counter immune defenses. To date, whether the immune evasion of T. callipaeda is related to MIF and the possible related signaling pathway and molecular mechanism have remained unclear. In the present study, we examined the effect of T. callipaeda MIF ( T. cp ‐MIF) on macrophages. We analyzed the antigenic epitopes of the candidate T. cp ‐MIF and found that it exhibited an ideal antigenic index. Morphology, Flow cytometry, and cytokine analysis showed that T. cp ‐MIF induced the dynamic polarization of THP‐1 macrophages from the M1‐like phenotype to the M2‐like phenotype. The chemotaxis assay revealed an inhibitory effect of T. cp ‐MIF on THP‐1 macrophages. Western blotting suggested that, compared to the control, THP‐1 macrophages exposed to T. cp‐MIF had higher TLR4 protein expression and the phosphatidylinositol 3′‐kinase (PI3K) ‐Akt pathway activation. In conclusion, T. cp ‐MIF induces M2‐like macrophage polarization through TLR4‐mediated activation of the PI3K‐Akt pathway, which might provide a basis for future research on how it affects the immune system of the host.