The “Big‐Bang” for modern glial biology: Translation and comments on Pío del Río‐Hortega 1919 series of papers on microglia

小胶质细胞 生物 神经胶质 神经科学 翻译(生物学) 系列(地层学) 认知科学 中枢神经系统 免疫学 心理学 遗传学 基因 信使核糖核酸 古生物学 炎症
作者
Amanda Sierra,Fernando de Castro,Juan del Río‐Hortega,José R. Iglesias-Rozas,Manuel Garrosa,Helmut Kettenmann
出处
期刊:Glia [Wiley]
卷期号:64 (11): 1801-1840 被引量:196
标识
DOI:10.1002/glia.23046
摘要

The word “glia” was coined in the mid‐19th century and defined as “the nerve glue”. For decades, it was assumed to be a uniform matrix, until cell theorists raised the “neuron doctrine” which stipulated that nervous tissue was composed of individual cells. The term “astrocytes” was introduced in the late 19th century as a synonym for glial cells, but it was Santiago Ramón y Cajal who defined a “third element” distinct from glial cells (astrocytes) and neurons. It was not until 1919 when Pío del Río‐Hortega, an alumnus of the Cajal School, introduced the modern terms we use today, and thoroughly described both “oligodendrocytes” and “microglia” to clearly distinguish them from astrocytes. In a series of four papers published that year in Spanish, Río‐Hortega described the distribution and morphological phenotype of microglia. He also noted that these cells were the origin of the rod cells described earlier in pathologic tissue, and recognized that resting microglia transformed into an ameboid phenotype in different types of brain diseases and pathologies. He also noted the mesodermal origin of these cells and recognized their phagocytic capacity. We here provide the first English translation of these landmark series of papers, which paved the way for modern glial research. To heighten the value and accessibility of these classic papers and their original figures, an introduction to this critical period of neuroscience is provided, along with unpublished photographs. By adding comments to the translated text, we provide sufficient context so that contemporary scientists may fully appreciate it. GLIA 2016;64:1801–1840
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