Vaccine types and reverse vaccinology

Vaccinology is a relatively recent discipline involving vaccine development and use. It includes immunology and infectious illnesses, epidemiology, public health, and pediatrics among other specialties of medicine. The experimental, preclinical, clinical, manufacturing, quality control, regulatory review, and approval stages are all involved in the vaccine development process. Vaccines are primarily intended to activate the immune system: separated into innate and adaptive subsystems. Anatomic barriers, physiological barriers, the complement pathway, the inflammatory response, and pattern recognition receptors are all part of the innate system. In the adaptive immune system, B and T lymphocytes are responsible for humoral and cell-mediated defense respectively. Immunoinformatics is extremely useful in contemporary vaccines development, because of the advancements in genomics and proteomics. It involves the use of software, computational tools, and databases to predict immunogenicity, antigenicity, and epitopes for the CD8, CD4, and B cells. This novel technology aided the swiftness in COVID-19 vaccines development.