Fabrication Methods of Therapeutic Nanoparticles: Potential Opportunities and Challenges in Drug Delivery and Nutraceutical Delivery

Recently, nanotechnologies and nanomaterials fascinate remarkable attention in recent researches. New physical properties and novel technologies, both in device manufacture and sample preparation evoke on account of the development of nanoscience. Nanotechnology has created a potential impression in numerous fields like medicine, including immunology, cardiology, endocrinology, ophthalmology, oncology, pulmonology, etc. Moreover, it is extremely utilized in specified areas like brain targeting, tumor targeting, and gene delivery. Nanotechnology has provided various significant systems, devices, and materials for better pharmaceutical applications. Nano-pharmaceuticals reveal the huge prospective in drug delivery as a carrier for three-dimensional and the progressive provision of bioactive and diagnostics. There has been a significant research interest in the drug delivery area using numerous particulate delivery systems as carriers for small and large molecules. Alteration and improvement of pharmacokinetic 92and pharmacodynamics properties of several types of drug molecules are emerged by particulate systems like nanoparticles. Polymeric nanoparticles have been broadly studied as particulate carriers in the pharmaceutical and medical fields because they show promising effects of drug delivery system resulting from their controlled and sustained release properties, sub-cellular size, biocompatibility with tissue and cells. This review summarizes various conventional and recent techniques of nano-fabrication along with specific opportunities and challenges in the fabrication of nanoparticles: (i) conventional techniques comprising three different methods such as the dispersion of preformed polymers, the polymerization of monomers and Ionic gelation method of hydrophilic polymers. (ii) Advance techniques comprising of spray drying, sol-gel, high pressure homogenization (HPH), desolvation of macromolecules and dialysis.