The Cardiovascular System at High Altitude

The sections in this article are: 1 Normal Cardiac Output 1.1 Stroke Volume 1.2 Heart Rate 2 Cardiac Output at High Altitude 2.1 Heart Rate at High Altitude 2.2 Effect of Polycythemia on Cardiac Output 2.3 Sojourners Exposed to Altitude 3 Pulmonary Circulation at Altitude 3.1 Role of Hematocrit in Pulmonary Hypertension 3.2 Role of Hypoxia in Pulmonary Hypertension 3.3 Adrenergic Control of Pulmonary Vasculature 3.4 Pulmonary Artery Morphology 3.5 Connective Tissue Growth: Hypertrophy 3.6 Mechanism of Pulmonary Vasoconstriction 4 Effects of Hypoxia on the Heart 4.1 Morphology 4.2 Metabolic Effects 4.3 Microcirculation 5 Coronary Circulation 6 Systemic Circulation 6.1 Effects of Altitude 6.2 Atrial Natriuretic Factor 6.3 Venous Tone 6.4 Summary of Effects on the Circulatory System 7 Applied Aspects