Polyamines Metabolism and their Regulatory Mechanism in Plant Development and in Abiotic Stress Tolerance

Plants are subjected to a multitude of stresses as a result of environmental changes. Abiotic stress, which causes morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes in plants, is the leading cause of crop loss worldwide. The most difficult task before the biologists is to sustain crop yields in changing climate. Polyamines (PAs) can help plants to cope up with stress in a variety of ways. These are amine-containing polycationic molecules with low molecular weight that are formed by organisms during metabolism and are considered a modern type of plant bio stimulant because they play important roles in a variety of plant growth and developmental cycles, as well as environmental stress responses. However, the process by which plants can survive such high levels of PAs remains unknown. Increased PA biosynthesis has been suggested to directly lead to increased growth and improved plant abiotic and biotic stress responses, resulting in improved yield and productivity. With the advancement of molecular biotechnology techniques, there is growing evidence that PAs, when applied exogenously or developed endogenously by modification in gene, can improve plant growth and development, production, and improve stress tolerance. However, the exact mechanism by which PAs control plant growth and stress responses is still unknown. As a result, the aim of this analysis is to provide the most up-to-date data on how PAs increase plant productivity, as well as to lay the groundwork for future studies on PAs’ mechanism of action in plant growth and production. Future studies in this field could provide novel targets for improving stress tolerance by focusing on how polyamine aggregation and turnover is controlled.