Machine Learning in Biomaterials, Biomechanics/Mechanobiology, and Biofabrication: State of the Art and Perspective

Abstract In the past three decades, biomedical engineering has emerged as a significant and rapidly growing field across various disciplines. From an engineering perspective, biomaterials, biomechanics, and biofabrication play pivotal roles in interacting with targeted living biological systems for diverse therapeutic purposes. In this context, in silico modelling stands out as an effective and efficient alternative for investigating complex interactive responses in vivo. This paper offers a comprehensive review of the swiftly expanding field of machine learning (ML) techniques, empowering biomedical engineering to develop cutting-edge treatments for addressing healthcare challenges. The review categorically outlines different types of ML algorithms. It proceeds by first assessing their applications in biomaterials, covering such aspects as data mining/processing, digital twins, and data-driven design. Subsequently, ML approaches are scrutinised for the studies on mono-/multi-scale biomechanics and mechanobiology. Finally, the review extends to ML techniques in bioprinting and biomanufacturing, encompassing design optimisation and in situ monitoring. Furthermore, the paper presents typical ML-based applications in implantable devices, including tissue scaffolds, orthopaedic implants, and arterial stents. Finally, the challenges and perspectives are illuminated, providing insights for academia, industry, and biomedical professionals to further develop and apply ML strategies in future studies.