Wild edible fruit trees in the Hyrcanian forests of Northern Iran: a study of ethnobotanical insights and genetic diversity

Northern Iran, a region known for its diverse geography, natural beauty, and historical significance, is renowned for its lush forests. Approximately 10% of the tree species in these forests are wild fruit trees. These trees possess exceptional genetic diversity, valuable for breeding and developing domestic varieties. Indigenous fruits from these trees significantly contribute to the local economy through harvesting and trade, benefiting regional families. The natural products derived from these trees, such as timber, resin, medicinal plants, essential oils, and non-timber products like nuts and spices, are important for various industries and biodiversity conservation. This review examines the common wild fruit trees in the Hyrcanian forests of northern Iran, focusing on their ethnobotanical features and practical applications. It serves as a valuable resource for horticulturists and fruit breeders aiming to improve fruit tree cultivation and explore traditions and natural products derived from these valuable wild fruit crops.