Predictive Factors for Dysphagia After Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery: A Prospective Multicenter Study

To identify the incidence and predictors of postoperative dysphagia in patients who undergo anterior cervical spine surgery (ACSS) by utilizing the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10). A multicenter prospective study was undertaken at three hospitals to evaluate patients undergoing ACSS between January 2021 and January 2023. Included patients were aged 18–80 years and were undergoing primary or revision ACSS. Dysphagia was assessed using the validated EAT-10 questionnaire. Patients with dysphagia were included in the observation group, and those without dysphagia were included in the control group. Of the 343 patients enrolled, 50 patients (14.6%) had EAT-10 scores of 3 or more at the 6-month follow-up. In the univariate analysis, patients with dysphagia at 7 days had a longer operative time, were current smokers, had involvement of vertebral bodies at C4 and above, and underwent intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. Patients with dysphagia at 6 months had involvement of vertebral bodies at C4 and above and underwent intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. In the multivariate analysis to determine associations with prolonged dysphagia, only the involvement of vertebral bodies at C4 and above (odds ratio 3.883, 95% confidence interval 1.847–8.165, P = 0.001) and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (odds ratio 0.273, 95% confidence interval 0.080–0.931, P = 0.038) remained significant. Dysphagia is common after ACSS, affecting more than 67.5% of patients at 7 days postoperatively, but over time, the incidence of dysphagia gradually decreases. Involvement of the vertebral bodies at C4 and above is a risk factor for dysphagia after ACSS, and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring is a protective factor.