Bienotheroides wucaiensis sp. nov., a new tritylodontid (Cynodontia, Mammaliamorpha) from the Late Jurassic Shishugou Formation of Xinjiang, China

The Shishugou Formation of the Middle to Late Jurassic in Xinjiang, China, has produced abundant tetrapod fossils including dinosaurs and tritylodontids. Bienotheroides is a genus of highly specialized tritylodontids, characterized by a short and wide snout, ventrally expanded zygomatic process, strongly reduced maxilla, short and flat basisphenoid, and maxillary teeth cusp formula 2-3-3. Here, we report a new tritylodontid, Bienotheroides wucaiensis sp. nov. from the lower Upper Jurassic level of the formation at Wucaiwan, Xinjiang, Northwest China, represented by a well-preserved cranium and associated postcranial skeleton. Micro-computed tomography and 3D reconstruction reveal the medial view of the cranial structure and the replacement upper incisors, providing new anatomical information of Bienotheroides. The absence of a septomaxilla in B. wucaiensis reveals the homoplastic evolution of this feature within tritylodontids, as it remains in basal mammaliaforms but is lost in later descendants.