Nonlinearity association of blood cobalt with the risk of anemia among middle-aged and older adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

The use of cobalt alloys in medical implants poses a high risk of cobalt exposure, yet there is a lack of evidence regarding the association between blood cobalt levels and anemia. This study aimed to explore the link between blood cobalt levels and the onset of anemia and to identify potential threshold levels of blood cobalt that could affect anemia.