Enzyme embedded metal organic framework (enzyme–MOF): De novo approaches for immobilization

The porous material has been considered as a potential candidate for immobilizing enzymes. Recently, metal organic framework (MOF) has been emerged as a hybrid organic inorganic material with unique intrinsic properties such as well-defined pore structure, excellent chemico-thermal stability, and extremely high surface areas which make them as a suitable scaffold for enzyme immobilization. The outstanding improvement in catalytic performance, high enzyme loading capacity, remarkable interaction between enzyme and MOF are the key features of the novel enzyme–MOF biocomposites. Amongst different immobilization approaches of enzyme–MOF composite development, de novo strategy received immense attention due to rapid, facile, mild immobilization procedure which exhibits potentially superior catalytic activity and extraordinary operational stability. This review presents a holistic insight of two different de novo strategies i.e. co-precipitation and biomineralization with state-of-art examples. Further, the recent developments in enzyme–MOF composites along with their potential features and characteristics are exploited in terms of catalytic activity, thermal/chemical stability, Michaelis–Menten kinetics, recyclability and storage stability. The advanced de novo strategies such as multi-enzyme catalytic system and magnetic enzyme–MOF are explored in the latter part of highlights.