Exosomes of malignant tumors: prospects of omiсs diagnostics

The main problems in the diagnostics and treatment of malignant tumors are early detection of the disease, prediction of the course of the disease and response to therapy. The solution may be associated with identification of biomarkers secreted by tumor cells within extracellular vesicles, known as exosomes. The study of exosome proteins attracts special attention, because their molecular composition can have information about tumor identity, and also represent a set of signaling molecules that regulate the processes of tumor progression and growth. In addition, the analysis of exosomes secreted into the extracellular space corresponds to the promising concept of a liquid biopsy. In this review, we have summarized the current experience in the molecular study of exosomes in various types of malignant tumors, including colorectal cancer, lung cancer, ovaries, prostate and breast cancer, with special emphasis on omics methods and outlined the prospects for their use in diagnosis.Glavnymi problemami v diagnostike i lechenii opukholeĭ iavliaiutsia rannee vyiavlenie zabolevaniia, a takzhe prognozirovanie techeniia zabolevaniia i otveta na terapiiu. Ikh reshenie mozhet byt' sviazano s vyiavleniem kruga biomarkerov, sekretiruemykh opukholevymi kletkami v sostave vnekletochnykh vezikul, v chastnosti ékzosom. Issledovanie belkov ékzosom zasluzhivaet osobogo vnimaniia, poskol'ku ikh molekuliarnyĭ sostav mozhet nesti informatsiiu ob opukholevoĭ identichnosti, a takzhe predstavliat' soboĭ nabor signal'nykh molekul, reguliruiushchikh protsessy opukholevoĭ progressii i rosta. Krome togo, analiz sekretiruemykh vo vnekletochnoe prostranstvo ékzosom sootvetstvuet perspektivnoĭ kontseptsii zhidkoĭ biopsii. V dannom obzore my obobshchili sovremennyĭ opyt molekuliarnogo issledovaniia ékzosom pri razlichnykh tipakh zlokachestvennykh opukholeĭ, v tom chisle pri kolorektal'nom rake, rake legkogo, iaichnika, predstatel'noĭ i molochnoĭ zhelez, s osobym aktsentom na omiksnykh metodakh i izlozhili perspektivy ikh primeneniia v diagnostike.