A General Strategy to Remove Metal Aggregates toward Metal–Nitrogen–Carbon Catalysts with Exclusive Atomic Dispersion

Metal- and nitrogen-doped nanocarbons (M-N-Cs) are promising alternatives to precious metals for catalyzing electrochemical energy conversion processes. However, M-N-Cs synthesized by high-temperature pyrolysis frequently suffer from compositional heterogeneity with the simultaneous presence of atomically dispersed M-N_x sites and crystalline metal nanoparticles (NPs), which hinders the identification of active sites and rational optimization in performance. Herein, a universal and efficient strategy is reported to obtain both precious- and nonprecious-metal-based M-N-Cs (M = Pt, Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn) with exclusive atomic dispersion by making use of ammonium iodide as the etchant to remove excessive metal aggregates at high temperature. Taking Pt-N-C as a proof-of-concept demonstration, the complete removal of Pt NPs in Pt-N-C enables clarification on the contributions of the atomic Pt-N_x moieties and Pt NPs to the catalytic activity toward the hydrogen evolution reaction. Combined electrochemical measurements and theoretical calculations identify that the atomic Pt-N_x moieties by themselves possess negligible activity, but they can significantly boost the activity of the Pt NPs via the synergistic effect.